Is it True that Parabens Cause Cancer? Here is the explanation!
Parabens are a class of chemical compounds commonly used as preservatives in cosmetic products to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. Parabens function by disrupting membrane transport processes, inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis and affecting enzymes such as ATPase and phosphotransferase in various types of bacteria. Parabens are a group of parahydroxybenzoates or esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
The Impact of Parabens on the Skin
Long-term use of parabens can lead to skin conditions and even cancer. Some skin reactions to parabens include itching, rashes, dryness, swelling, pain, and blistering. These effects are attributed to the disruption of beneficial bacteria and the excessive removal of the skin's natural oil layer, leading to dryness. Friction can cause skin irritation, which, when exacerbated by bacterial presence, results in inflammation.
There is a myth that parabens are carcinogenic and can trigger cancer cells. Due to their structural similarity to estrogen hormones, it is claimed that parabens could cause cell proliferation in the breast, transforming normal cells into cancerous ones. However, this research was conducted on rodents, and the effects of parabens on human skin and their potential to induce cancer are still not well-documented.
Common types of parabens used in cosmetics include methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and ethylparaben. Methylparaben and ethylparaben can be safely used up to the maximum allowed concentration of 0.4%, while the maximum allowable concentration for other paraben derivatives still requires further study.
Regulation of Paraben Use in Indonesia
In Indonesia, regulations concerning the use of parabens are outlined in the Head of the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) Regulation No. 18 of 2015 on Technical Requirements for Cosmetic Ingredients. Some key points regarding parabens in this regulation are:
- Article 6: Imported cosmetics containing isopropylparaben, isobutylparaben, and/or benzylparaben can be notified in Indonesia, provided these ingredients are not banned in the country of origin.
- The maximum concentration varies from 0.14% to 0.4% for single esters, but for mixed esters, the maximum concentration is 0.8%.
- Parabens must not be used in non-rinse-off cosmetics applied to areas covered by diapers for children under three years of age.
It is estimated that more than 90% of all cosmetic products contain one or more parabens. Parabens are the most widely used preservatives globally due to their effectiveness in preventing microbial growth, low risk of irritation, and stability. However, some researchers debate their safety due to the potential for excessive use to cause cancer. Parabens may mimic endogenous hormones and potentially interact with other signaling pathways, such as the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) pathway, which is important in breast cancer development, and modify key enzymes involved in local estrogen metabolism. Chemical reactions on the skin can vary depending on individual conditions and concentrations in the product. Excessive use can lead to allergic reactions and complications; thus, regulators, especially supervisory bodies, need to establish and clarify maximum allowable concentrations in products.
Alternative preservatives in cosmetics include benzoic acid, benzalkonium chloride, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, chlorphenesin, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and others. However, it is essential to adhere to the maximum allowable concentrations and safety guidelines as stipulated by regulations.
If you produce a cosmetic, starting from skincare products, makeup, haircare, bodycare, and others. If you want to increase consumer trust regarding your product claims, you must present scientific data that supports your claims and the safety of your product. Scientific data is obtained when you conduct tests on your product in an independent laboratory. IML Testing and Research is the best cosmetic testing institution in Indonesia. When you conduct testing at IML Testing and Research, you will receive comprehensive, accurate, and reliable product test certification results. Immediately schedule a FREE consultation regarding your product testing directly with our expert team!
Referensi:
Marlinda, Ida. 2019. Paraben dalam Produk Perawatan Kulit.
Hager, Emily, et. Al. 2022. Minireview : Parabens Exposure and Breast Cancer. PubMed Central 19 (3) : 1873.
Tade, Rahul. S, et. Al. 2018. Safety and Toxicity Assessment of Parabens in Pharmaceutical and Food Products. Inventi Journal.
